Reagent Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride

Alum is a chemical substance and is widely used in various fields. There are many kinds of alum, and sodium alum is also widely used.
In the field of industry, sodium alum is often used as a mordant. When dyeing fabrics, sodium alum is added to make the dye more closely combined with the fabric fibers. In this way, the dyed fabric is bright and long-lasting, and it is not easy to fade. Although the ancient dyeing workshop did not know its chemical principle, after long-term practice, it also knew that alum and sodium alum can assist in dyeing to enhance the color and fix the color, which is often used to improve the quality of the dye.
In the paper industry, sodium alum is also indispensable. When making paper, it can interact with the components in the pulp, which helps to condense the fibers and improve the strength and water resistance of the paper. Paper is strong and durable, thanks to the work of sodium alum. In ancient papermaking, although sodium alum is not used as accurately as in modern times, it is a result of experience. It is also known that adding such substances can improve the characteristics of paper.
Furthermore, in the field of water purification, sodium alum can play the role of a flocculant. Impurities suspended in water will accumulate and settle after encountering sodium alum, thus clarifying the water quality. In ancient water purification, although the means are simple, the water purification characteristics of sodium alum have long been applied to ensure the safety of people's drinking water.
In addition, in the leather tanning process, sodium alum can make leather soft and durable. During the tanning process, it can be combined with leather collagen to change the structure of the leather and improve the quality of the leather. Ancient leather craftsmen used sodium alum and other materials to tann leather and make various leather products to meet the needs of life.
Sodium alum plays an important role in many aspects such as industry, papermaking, water purification and leather tanning, and has a profound impact on human production and life.

Instructions for Storage of Caustic Soda in "Tiangong Kaiwu"
For caustic soda, the chemical name is sodium hydroxide, which is strong and alive. When storing, many matters should be carefully paid attention to.
The choice of the first heavy container. It is advisable to use glass, ceramics, plastics and other materials. Glass and ceramics, because of their smooth surface, can resist the erosion of caustic soda, but the glass contains silicon, long-term storage of strong alkali, or there is a subtle reaction, so long-term storage, plastic containers are preferred, especially those made of high-density polyethylene, which have excellent alkali resistance and can keep caustic soda stored for a long time without deterioration.
Second and environmental importance. Caustic soda absorbs moisture and is easy to deliquescence. The storage place must be dry and ventilated, avoiding a dark place, and must not be exposed to sunlight. When humid air encounters caustic soda, it dissolves into a liquid, which not only causes the loss of quantity, but also gradually changes to sodium carbonate due to the absorption of carbon dioxide in the air, impairing its purity and activity.
Furthermore, isolation is essential. Caustic soda cannot be mixed with acids, flammable substances, organic substances, etc. Acid and caustic soda will react violently in case, or cause the container to break or the material to splash; flammable substances and organic substances will cause fire in case of caustic soda or chemical reaction.
Also, there should be obvious warning signs in the storage place, and the words "strong alkali, dangerous" should be written in the book to make everyone aware of the danger and avoid accidents. When taking it, you should also be cautious and wear protective equipment, such as alkali-resistant gloves, protective glasses, etc., to prevent accidental contact and burn the skin.
In this way, pay attention to ensure that the caustic soda is stored safely, in case it is needed, and it is safe and harmless.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "When the test material silver and potassium cyanide is used, there is a danger of safety."
Silver and potassium cyanide, compounds containing cyanide are also cyanide. Cyanide, a highly toxic substance, poses a huge threat to human health and life. When using silver and potassium cyanide, the first to bear the brunt is the risk of toxicity. If the protection is not good, the cyanide escapes, and enters the body through breathing, skin contact, or accidental ingestion. It can quickly combine with cytochrome oxidase, causing cells to be unable to ingest and utilize oxygen, causing tissue asphyxiation. Light cases of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, severe cases of convulsions, coma, and even instant death.
Furthermore, silver and potassium cyanide are corrosive. Under specific conditions, it can corrode containers and equipment. If the container material is improper, corroded and damaged, and silver and potassium cyanide leaks, not only the material is damaged, but also the highly toxic substances are overflowing, which will harm the surrounding environment and human and animal safety.
Again, in places where silver and potassium cyanide are used, if the ventilation is poor, the cyanide gas will accumulate, and the concentration will gradually increase. If there is a little carelessness, there will be a risk of explosion in case of open flames and hot topics. Its power can cause damage to facilities and casualties.
And the disposal of silver and potassium cyanide waste is also very difficult. If it is discarded at will, cyanide will seep into the soil and water bodies, pollute the environment, and cause harm to the ecology. It will be difficult to eliminate for a long
Therefore, when using silver and potassium cyanide, one must be cautious and careful, strictly abide by the procedures, make good use of protective equipment, and properly dispose of waste to prevent all kinds of safety hazards, and ensure people's safety, safety, and beauty.

The physical and chemical properties of the reagent lithium aluminum hydride are as follows:
Lithium aluminum hydride is white and in a fine powder state. It is easy to react with water vapor in the air and is very active. It must be kept stable in a dry environment, and it reacts rapidly in contact with water, releasing a large amount of hydrogen, and is accompanied by hot topics, which often cause danger, so it must be strictly avoided from water.
In terms of its reductive properties, lithium aluminum hydride can be called strong. It can reduce many carbonyl-containing compounds, such as aldodes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, and transform them into alcohols. Its reducing power is derived from the characteristics of aluminum and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen negative ions have strong electron-giving energy. In the reaction, electrons are supplied to the reduced substrate, so that the valence state of the atoms in the substrate is reduced, and the purpose of reduction is achieved.
In the field of organic synthesis, lithium aluminum hydride is widely used. It is often used to prepare alcohols, which is a key step in organic synthesis. In the pharmaceutical, fragrance synthesis and other industries, it relies on its reduction power to form the target product.
When using lithium aluminum hydride, be careful. Because of its activity, it can react violently with water, acid, etc., so when operating, it must be done in an anhydrous and anaerobic environment, and the temperature must be strictly controlled to prevent accidents. The reaction device used must also ensure airtightness and dryness, and the solvent used must also be dry and free of impurities.
In short, although lithium aluminum hydride is a powerful tool for organic synthesis, its active and dangerous nature requires users to be familiar with its physical and chemical properties, and strictly abide by the procedures during operation in order to obtain its benefits and avoid its harm.

To make a solution of caustic soda, the method is as follows:
First take the refined salt and melt it with water to obtain a clarified brine. This step requires careful operation, so that the salt is completely soluble and the brine is free of impurities.
Then, put the brine in a special electrolytic cell. This cell needs to be made of good materials and can resist chemical corrosion. Under the action of direct current, the brine changes wonderfully. Chloride ions lose electrons at the anode and become chlorine gas to escape; sodium ions interact with water molecules near the cathode. After the water molecules gain electrons, some become hydrogen gas to escape, and some combine with sodium ions to gradually produce sodium hydroxide, that is, caustic soda.
During this period, the conditions for electrolysis need to be strictly controlled. The temperature should not be too high or too low. If it is too high, the energy consumption will increase greatly, and if it is too low, the reaction rate will be slow. The current intensity should also be moderate to make the reaction proceed smoothly and efficiently.
After the reaction reaches a certain level and the concentration of caustic soda in the electrolyte meets the requirements, it should be drawn out. At this time, the caustic soda solution still contains some impurities and needs to be further refined. It can be used by precipitation, filtration and other methods to remove the insoluble matter in it; and then by ion exchange and other means to remove trace amounts of impurity ions, a pure caustic soda solution can be obtained. The whole process requires careful operation by craftsmen and familiarity with chemistry to obtain a high-quality caustic soda solution.